The application of geomechanics to oil and gas field development leads to significant. Shale gas production is uniquely enabled by hydraulic fracturing, a technique that has. Rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment, pp. Dresen, deformation experiments on bowland and posidonia shale part ii. Hydraulic fracturing in shale with h2o, co2 and n2 onepetro. Geomechanics of gas shales fundamentals of gas shale. Georef subject coal energy sources ground water north america petroleum natural gas rock mechanics shale gas pollution sedimentary rocks water resources gas shale. According to the fluid that is in greater proportion inside the shale are classified as shale gas or shale oil. His first book, reservoir geomechanics cambridge, 2007 is now in its 15th printing. These two specialists base their treatise on lots of practical experience with drilling in shale formations. Shale makes up about threefourths of drilled formations. Rock mechanics of shear rupture in shale gas reservoirs article in journal of natural gas science and engineering 36 november 2016 with 88 reads how we measure reads. When analyzing the flow production data in a shale play notice that these measures are higher than those predicted by darcys law with which they were calculated. Fracking simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Rocks mechanics legend erle donaldson, along with colleagues waqi alam and nasrin begum from the oil and gas consultant company tetrahedron, have authored this handbook on updated fundamentals and more recent technology used during a common hydraulic fracturing procedure. Hf methods in vertical wells led to limited production of the gas in the antrim shale michigan basin, barnett. These shale plays are being evaluated based on a number of criteria but primarily through typical unconventional and tight formation gas reservoir characteristics. Shale gas a natural tight gas 9 drivers for growth 10 the evolving global energy landscape and the emergence of shale gas 11 hydraulic fracturing 16 water and the fracking process 17 different aspects of waterrelated risks from fracking 18 other threats linked to shale gas and fracking 22 case descriptions 25 recommendations 29. Lecture 20 is on the topic of managing the risk of triggered and induced seismicity. In this paper, we introduce an lsystem based on the fractal geometry to study complex fracture networks. Lectures 18 and 19 are on topics related to geomechanical issues affecting shale gas and tight oil recovery.
Rock mechanics problemsrock mechanics problems how will rock react when put to mens use. A newly developed approach to evaluate rock brittleness. Since the beginning of the us shale gas revolution in 2005, the development of unconventional oil and gas resources has gathered tremendous pace around the world. A new evaluation method for the fracability of a shale. Analysis on rock properties based on exploration of hole.
Since the year 2000, unconventional shale plays have contributed greatly to the global oil and gas supply, particularly in the united states. Decades ago, natural gas occurrence was noted during drilling through the naturally fractured black shales of appalachia ohio shale, marcellus shale, utica shale charpentier et al. Utah shales may contain the right stuffnatural gas utah. Integrated approach to evaluate rock brittleness and. Waterbased fracturing fluids are used for gas shale stimulations. Hole walls stability is a complex problem which exploration engineering has been working to solve. Introduction to shale gas geomechanics business drivers basics of rock mechanics includes concept of stressstrain.
Provides a crosscutting view of shale gas and tight oil in the context of geology, petroleum engineering, and the. Tight oil and shale gas comprise this lowergrade resource in the realm of fossil fuel. Shale gas and hydraulic fracturing welcome to siwi. A complex fracture propagation model, developed by wu 19, was used to simulate simultaneous multiple fracture propagation in shale gas formation. Petroleum rock mechanics drilling operations and well. Shale formations composed mainly of claysize mineral grains are the most abundant sedimentary rocks in the crust of the earthorganic shale formations are source rocks as well as the reservoir basement and cap rocks that trap oil and gas speight, 2014a. Updated with new chapters on operations surrounding shale oil, shale gas, and hydraulic fracturing, and with new sections on in. Understanding and managing these resources requires a unique understanding about the geology, geophysics, rock physics, and rock mechanics of each reservoir in a seamless interdisciplinary approach. Rock failure mechanisms are studied based on uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. We explore the use of these gases as stimulants on green river shale to compare the form and behavior of fractures in shale driven by different gas compositions and states and indexed by breakdown. The practical application of rock mechanics is emphasized. Petroleum rock mechanics engineering textbooks elsevier. Updated with new chapters on operations surrounding shale oil, shale gas, and.
Although rock mechanics addresses many of the rock mechanics issues which arise in underground mining engineering, it is not a text exclusively for mining applications. This course covers the essential technology for planning, monitoring, and evaluating hydraulic fracturing treatments in shale reservoirs. Shale is a fissile referring to the ability of the shale. Is it that new factors have appeared that we must take into account. Shales are finegrained sedimentary rocks consisting of silt and claysized particles that were laid down hundreds of millions of years ago as organicrich mud at the bottom of ancient seas and tidal flats. Alberto minardi, alessio ferrari, russell ewy and lyesse laloui, nonlinear elastic response of partially saturated gas shales in uniaxial compression, rock mechanics and rock engineering, 10. Petroleum rock mechanics introduces the fundamentals of solid mechanics and applies them to oil and gas related drilling and well operation and completion problems. Even though the engineering properties of shale have been studied for several decades, shale engineering is still prone to unexpected instabilities and delays, representing a serious problem for the petroleum, mining and civil engineering industry. When wet, they become a muddy quagmire and when dry, a desert wasteland. A newly developed approach to evaluate rock brittleness and. In this book, vikram rao addresses the issues surrounding shale gas in a balanced fashion.
Slickwater fracturing is the most routine form of well stimulation in shales. Critical geomechanics concepts for hydraulic fracturing. This book details the analytical processes involved and the interpretation of the data generated to present comprehensive source rock evaluation of organicrich shales. This interdisciplinary book encompasses the fields of rock mechanics, structural geology and petroleum engineering to address a wide range of geomechanical problems that arise during the exploitation of oil and gas reservoirs. In applied rock mechanics, students are provided with basic theory, laboratory demonstrations, handson exercises, and computer modeling demonstrations. Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is forcing fractures in a rock layer, by fluid that is put under pressure. Co2 and n2 injection to enhance shale gas recovery penn state.
Rock units such as the bakken shale of north dakota and the niobrara shale of colorado, kansas, nebraska and wyoming are now yielding significant amounts of oil from hydraulic fracturing. Exploration and environmental and economic impacts explores the shale gas exploration and production activities that are increasing globally, also presenting a basic understanding on the geological, geochemical, and geophysical aspects. What is the bearing capacity of rock on surface an at depths. Distinct characteristics of shale make it exceptionally difficult to work with. Mechanics and mechanisms is an authoritative monograph written by m. A water impoundment at a drill pad in the fayetteville shale gas play of arkansas. Applied rock mechanics training course petroskills arm. While some complain that extracting natural gas from shale rock formations is tainting their water supply, others who have allowed drilling on.
Lectures on rock mechanicslectures on rock mechanics. It is also the subject of increased interest because of the growing contribution of shale oil and gas to energy. It consists of five categories of topics on the science and practice of rock engineering. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the key geologic. The book is a key reference that is useful for researchers, the oil and gas industry, and. It is also the subject of increased interest because of the growing contribution of shale oil and gas to energy supplies, as well as the potential use of shale formations for carbon dioxide sequestration and nuclear waste storage. Based on that we might ask ourselves why is the production of gas higher than expected. Doi link for rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment. Response of rocks to applied loads earth materials rocks soils fluids. Wellbore stability in oil and gas drilling with chemical.
Rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment book. Prospective shale plays share several interesting characteristics such as mineralogy, rock mechanics, and geomechanics. The mississippian barnett shale of northcentral texas as one model for thermogenic shale gas. However, the mancos and other utah shales may contain the right stuff to generate, store, and produce natural gas. Applied geoscience in shale exploration and production. Numerical study of simultaneous multiple fracture propagation. In addition to a comprehensive manual, software is provided for the student to perform wellbore stability calculations. Updated with new chapters on operations surrounding shale oil, shale gas, and hydraulic fracturing, and with new sections on. More specifically, it examines the role of formation, strength of rock materials, and wellbore mechanics, along with the impact of. The mississippian barnett shale of northcentral texas as one model for thermogenic shale gas assessment. He conducts research on in situ stress, fault mechanics, and reservoir geomechanics with an emphasis on shale gas, tight gas and tight oil production. Emphasis is on actual field results, practical approaches to treatment design, and the reasons for altering designs based on fluid and rock properties. What is the response of rocks under dynamic earthquake type loading. More specifically, it examines the role of formation, strength of rock materials, and wellbore mechanics, along with the impact of insitu stress changes on wellbore and.
Although it can happen naturally, it is now used as a method to force oil and natural gas from shale history and method. Are these still fulfilling classical laws of fluid mechanics used in. Comparing with other simulation models, the fractal fracture could not only maintain the bifurcation of the fracture geometry but also represent the multilevel feature of the complex fracture networks according to its fractal characteristics. Creep behavior at in situ in situ pct conditions, rock me. Zobacks textbook, reservoir geomechanics cambridge university press, 2007 with updated examples and applications. Mechanical properties of three selected shale gas deposits. Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations. Rock mechanics for resources, energy and environment. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the united states, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world. Aiming at hole walls stability in coal exploration, this paper takes shale as objects of study and uses the mpc method for example. The critical taper model is a simple means of determining whether basic rock. Shale gas and shale oil development depends on successful mshf, and.
Rock mechanics of shear rupture in shale gas reservoirs. Fracking hydraulic fracturing books, films, and other resources search this guide search. Advances in theories, methods and applications for shale resource use shale is the dominant rock in the sedimentary record. The main difference between tight gas and shale gas, however, is that tight gas can be found in low permeability sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones, while shale gas rocks are usually impermeable 2 royal dutch shell plc. Shale is the dominant rock in the sedimentary record. The first type characterizes the brittleness based on the mineralogical compositions of the rock, while the second type uses the rock mechanics parameters for its characterization.
Application of the fractal geometry theory on fracture. Page professor of geophysics at stanford university, california. Fluids water, magma, petroleum, natural gas, atmosphere. Feb 14, 20 shale makes up about threefourths of drilled formations. Fracking hydraulic fracturing databases, films, books, and other resources on fracking and its impact. The integrated approach to understanding shale prospectivity. New correlations for deepwater reservoirs and shale oil and shale gas formations are proposed.
The rock deformation and fluid flow were iteratively coupled in the model. Shale gas is the term often used to describe both tight gas and shale gas resources. Joint sets in outcrops of the oil source rock, central sumatra basin. The integrated approach to understanding shale prospectivity involves, as a first step, conducting some core laboratory tests to relate and integrate the mineralogy, rock mechanics, and geomechanics. Advances in theories, methods and applications for shale resource use. Shale gas, natural gas obtained from sheetlike formations of shale, frequently at depths exceeding 1,500 metres 5,000 feet. Dresen, deformation experiments on bowland and posidonia shalepart ii.
The book is a key reference that is useful for researchers, the oil and gas industry, and policymakers in gas producing and prospective countries. Widely regarded as the most authoritative and comprehensive book in its field, the fourth edition of fundamentals of rock mechanics includes new and substantially updated chapters to this highly praised text extensively updated throughout, this new edition contains substantially expanded chapters on poroelasticity, wave propogation, and subsurface stresses. The brittleness indices used in rock mechanics and their. This lets gas and petroleum from source rocks get to reservoir rocks. The success of shale gas recovery using hydraulic fracking is greatly dependent on the shale s brittleness, since brittle shales have many preexisting fractures. Carbonate minerals, clay minerals, and quartz are the main minerals found in shale gas reservoirs. The rock deformation was modeled by a simplified 3d displacement discontinuity method 20. The study of the physical characteristics and behavior of rock.
Organic material and thermal maturity are required, but reservoir rocks, migration paths. The basic suite of core tests recommended by this work includes. Rock mechanics can include analysis of and relationships between properties such as velocity, density, porosity, permeability, shear strength, and bending and crushing behavior, as well as the greater geological context of forces that deform strata and produce geological structures. Drilling operations and well design covers the fundamentals of solid mechanics and petroleum rock mechanics and their application to oil and gas related drilling operations and well design. Petroleum rock mechanics drilling operations and well design 2nd edition details this book keeps petroleum and drilling engineers centrally focused on the basic fundamentals surrounding geomechanics, while also keeping them uptospeed on the latest issues and practical problems. These contamination pathways are not unique to shale gas and shale oil, and they are manageable. Eagle ford play in south texas is a good example of how the same shale can contain the three fluids from oil, gas wet to dry gas with increases the depth of the shale rock. Drilling operations and well design, second edition, keeps petroleum and drilling engineers centrally focused on the basic fundamentals surrounding geomechanics, while also keeping them uptospeed on the latest issues and practical problems. The objectives are to a develop theoretical fracture mechanics tools that are applicable to transversely isotropic materials such as sedimentary rock, more particularly oil shale.